Footnotes by Chapter
068. Bibliography on Political Religion
68. On the question of “political religion,” see Politische Religion? Politik, Religion und Anthropologie im Werk von Eric Voegelin, ed. Michael Ley, Heinrich Neisser and Gilbert Weiss (Munich: Fink, 2003); and the most recent discussion in Political Religions as a Characteristic of the 20th Century, ed. Marina Cattaruzza, special edition of Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, 6, no. 1 (2005); especially Emilio Gentile, “Political Religion” A Concept and its Critics—a Critical Survey,” 19–32. See also Paul Zawadski on both the general issue and the role of the Protocols as a form of “sacred” scripture (“‘Jewish World Conspiracy’ and the Question of Secular Religions,” in Katz and Landes, Paranoid Apocalypse), chap. 8.
092. Bloodlust and First Crusade
92. On the massacres of German Jews, part of the explosion of “sacred violence” that the Crusades unleashed, see Robert Chazan, European Jewry and the First Crusade (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987); for a recent publication of the Jewish accounts of these massacres see MGH Hebräische Texte aus dem Mittelalterlichen Deutschland, Band 1: Hebräische Berichte über die Judenverfolgungen während des Ersten Kreuzzugs, ed. and trans. Eva Haverkamp (Hanover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 2005); for the description of the rivers of blood the Crusaders waded through to enter Jerusalem, see Anonymi Gesta Francorum et aliorum Hierosolymitanorum, cited in Augsut C. Krey, The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eye-Witnesses and Participants (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1921), 261.
153. Goldhagen vs. Browning
153. Goldhagen was deliberately challenging the tendency among historians to claim “it could have happened anywhere,” best seen in Christopher Browning’s Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (New York: Harper Perennial, 1992): “If the men of Police Battalion 101 could become killers under such circumstances, what group of men could not?” 189 [final sentence of the book]. For examples in the Goldhagen debate, see Avraham Barkai, “German Historians Face Goldhagen,” Yad Vashem Studies 26 (1998): 295–328; Robert Shandley, ed., Unwilling Germans? The Goldhagen Debate (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998).
126. Leni Reifenstahl Bibliography
126. On Riefenstahl’s film, see Richard Barsam, Filmguide to the Triumph of the Will (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1975). Also, Siegfried Kracauer, From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of the German Film (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1947); David Hull, Film in the Third Reich (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1969).
159. Bibliography on Nazi vs. Jews as "Chosen People"
159. Claus Bärsch, “Der Jude als Antichrist in der NS-Ideologie: Die Kollektive Identität der Deutschen und der Antisemitismus unter religionspolitischer Perspective,” Zeitschrift für Relgions- und Geistesgeschichte [Netherlands], 47, no. 2 (1995): 160–88. See also Julius Schoeps, “Erlösungwahn und Vernichtungswille: Die sogennante ‘Endlösung der Judenfrage’ als Cision und Programm des Nationalsozialismus,” in Nazionalsozialismus als politische Religion, ed. Michael Ley and Julius Schoeps (Frankfurt: Philo Verlag, 1997), 262–71; Michael Ley, “Apocalyptische Bewegungen in der Moderne,” in ibid., 26. For a survey of the Christian-Jewish clash of eschatologies leading to the Holocaust, with close attention to the role of millennial beliefs, see Michael Ley, Genozid und Heilserwartung: Zum nationalsozialistischen Mord am europäischen Judtentum (Vienna: Picus Verlag, 1991), and Joachim Riedl, “Der lange Schatten des Kreuzes: Von Golgotha zur Svastika,” in Nationalsozialismus als politisches Religion, 53–73.
